Russia ranked 11/197 by economy size with a GDP of $2.17T and 69/197 by GDP per capita at $15,145. Russia has $441B in government debt, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 21.4%.
In 2025, Russia made up 1.95% of the world's economy, compared to 2.84% in 1988.
The chart below shows GDP in nominal terms, GDP adjusted for inflation (in constant dollars), and a bar chart of year-over-year inflation-adjusted growth.
| Year | GDP | GDP growth | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current $ | Constant $ | ||
| 1988 | $554,828,660,436 | - | - |
| 1989 | $506,631,299,735 | $1,197,410,924,008 | -8.69% |
| 1990 | $517,014,446,228 | $1,161,488,648,466 | 2.05% |
| 1991 | $517,962,962,963 | $1,102,869,019,643 | 0.18% |
| 1992 | $460,290,556,901 | $942,610,308,780 | -11.1% |
| 1993 | $435,083,713,851 | $860,899,753,889 | -5.48% |
| 1994 | $395,077,301,248 | $752,686,755,591 | -9.2% |
| 1995 | $395,537,185,735 | $721,498,966,071 | 0.12% |
| 1996 | $391,724,890,744 | $694,406,178,898 | -0.96% |
| 1997 | $404,928,954,192 | $704,127,280,749 | 3.37% |
| 1998 | $270,955,486,862 | $666,808,805,067 | -33.1% |
| 1999 | $195,907,128,351 | $709,483,999,746 | -27.7% |
| 2000 | $259,710,142,197 | $780,432,873,753 | 32.6% |
| 2001 | $306,602,070,621 | $820,235,350,097 | 18.1% |
| 2002 | $345,470,494,418 | $858,786,345,187 | 12.7% |
| 2003 | $430,347,420,185 | $921,477,339,134 | 24.6% |
| 2004 | $591,016,690,732 | $987,823,227,181 | 37.3% |
| 2005 | $764,015,973,481 | $1,051,043,572,408 | 29.3% |
| 2006 | $989,932,071,353 | $1,137,229,862,730 | 29.6% |
| 2007 | $1,299,703,478,482 | $1,233,894,148,247 | 31.3% |
| 2008 | $1,660,848,058,303 | $1,298,056,264,706 | 27.8% |
| 2009 | $1,222,645,900,056 | $1,196,807,955,076 | -26.4% |
| 2010 | $1,524,916,715,224 | $1,250,664,313,045 | 24.7% |
| 2011 | $2,045,922,753,398 | $1,304,443,243,520 | 34.2% |
| 2012 | $2,208,293,553,878 | $1,356,935,163,515 | 7.94% |
| 2013 | $2,292,470,078,346 | $1,380,755,103,919 | 3.81% |
| 2014 | $2,059,241,589,895 | $1,390,921,151,162 | -10.2% |
| 2015 | $1,363,482,182,198 | $1,363,482,182,198 | -33.8% |
| 2016 | $1,276,786,350,881 | $1,366,123,111,808 | -6.36% |
| 2017 | $1,574,199,360,089 | $1,391,065,651,846 | 23.3% |
| 2018 | $1,657,328,773,461 | $1,430,116,278,515 | 5.28% |
| 2019 | $1,693,115,002,708 | $1,461,551,317,106 | 2.16% |
| 2020 | $1,493,075,894,362 | $1,422,766,794,795 | -11.8% |
| 2021 | $1,829,186,719,575 | $1,506,233,291,760 | 22.5% |
| 2022 | $2,291,612,121,335 | $1,484,605,556,958 | 25.3% |
| 2023 | $2,071,505,725,031 | $1,545,214,947,189 | -9.6% |
| 2024 | $2,173,835,806,672 | $1,612,344,875,264 | 4.94% |
Economic Statistics of Russia
Russia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$2.17T
2024 |
11/197 |
| GDP growth |
4.94%
2023-2024 |
111/196 |
| GDP per capita |
$15,145
2024 |
69/197 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$47,405
2024 |
49/197 |
| Government debt |
$441B
2024 |
21/185 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
21.4%
2025 |
173/185 |
| Government debt per person |
$3,075
2024 |
98/185 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$9,262
2025 |
78/197 |
| Listed domestic companies |
194
2023 |
34/103 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$650B
2023 |
19/100 |
| Number of millionaires |
381,726
2024 |
18/34 |
| Millionaire frequency |
1 in 290
2024 |
26/34 |
| Number of billionaires |
140
2025 |
5/78 |
| Billionaire frequency |
1 in 791,862
2025 |
27/78 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
25.1%
2023 |
115/169 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.1%
2023 |
54/169 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
37.6%
2025 |
63/195 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
9%
2024-2025 |
34/195 |
| Central bank interest rate |
17%
2025 |
14/105 |
| Unemployment rate |
2.43%
2024 |
166/196 |
| Population |
142718132
|
9/197 |
Russia's GDP per capita
Russia has a GDP per capita of $15,145, ranking 69/197, a GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) of $47,405, ranking 49/197, and a median annual after tax income of $9,262, ranking 78/197.
| Year | Current $ | |
|---|---|---|
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1988 | $3,778 | - |
| 1989 | $3,430 | - |
| 1990 | $3,494 | $8,028 |
| 1991 | $3,490 | $7,858 |
| 1992 | $3,099 | $6,862 |
| 1993 | $2,931 | $6,420 |
| 1994 | $2,662 | $5,734 |
| 1995 | $2,666 | $5,613 |
| 1996 | $2,644 | $5,518 |
| 1997 | $2,738 | $5,700 |
| 1998 | $1,835 | $5,465 |
| 1999 | $1,331 | $5,914 |
| 2000 | $1,772 | $6,825 |
| 2001 | $2,100 | $7,361 |
| 2002 | $2,378 | $8,037 |
| 2003 | $2,975 | $9,255 |
| 2004 | $4,102 | $10,227 |
| 2005 | $5,323 | $11,822 |
| 2006 | $6,920 | $14,912 |
| 2007 | $9,101 | $16,648 |
| 2008 | $11,635 | $20,164 |
| 2009 | $8,563 | $19,390 |
| 2010 | $10,675 | $20,490 |
| 2011 | $14,305 | $22,790 |
| 2012 | $15,402 | $24,274 |
| 2013 | $15,941 | $26,020 |
| 2014 | $14,277 | $25,688 |
| 2015 | $9,427 | $23,994 |
| 2016 | $8,804 | $24,012 |
| 2017 | $10,835 | $25,778 |
| 2018 | $11,399 | $28,629 |
| 2019 | $11,640 | $30,964 |
| 2020 | $10,280 | $31,491 |
| 2021 | $12,637 | $38,638 |
| 2022 | $15,888 | $40,939 |
| 2023 | $14,403 | $44,269 |
| 2024 | $15,145 | $47,405 |
Russia's government spending, deficit, and chart
This chart shows Russia's government spending, budget balance, and debt over time, each expressed as a share of GDP.
Over the past 50 years, Russia recorded a fiscal deficit in 14 years — average annual surplus equal to +0.14% of GDP. In 2024, government spending reached $831B (37.6% of GDP), with a deficit of -1.01%.
The national debt reached $441B, ranking 21st out of 185 countries by total size, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 21.4%, ranking 173rd.
| Year | % of GDP | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Government spending | Government debt | Government deficit/surplus | |
| 1885 | 13.1% | 80.7% | -0.75% |
| 1886 | 14.2% | 87.1% | -0.84% |
| 1887 | 11.5% | 78.5% | 0.14% |
| 1888 | 11% | 73.2% | 0.88% |
| 1889 | 12.6% | 77.8% | 1.34% |
| 1890 | 14.2% | 75% | 0.01% |
| 1891 | 15.1% | 80.6% | -0.97% |
| 1892 | 14.5% | 75.7% | -1.16% |
| 1893 | 12.6% | 74.2% | 0.63% |
| 1894 | 13.1% | 78.2% | 1.43% |
| 1895 | 15.6% | 85.6% | 0.7% |
| 1896 | 15% | 78.9% | 1.3% |
| 1897 | 15.2% | 69.1% | 0.34% |
| 1898 | 15.4% | 59.8% | 0.03% |
| 1899 | 14.3% | 55.8% | 0.66% |
| 1900 | 15.9% | 56.7% | -0.36% |
| 1901 | 15.7% | 56.5% | 0.14% |
| 1902 | 16.6% | 52.4% | -1.57% |
| 1903 | 17.1% | 55.5% | 1.04% |
| 1904 | 20.4% | 53.3% | -5.13% |
| 1905 | 23.8% | 62.2% | -7.72% |
| 1906 | 21.2% | 68% | -3.19% |
| 1907 | 18.3% | 64.8% | -0.86% |
| 1908 | 17% | 58.8% | -0.83% |
| 1909 | 15.9% | 56% | -0.15% |
| 1910 | 14.8% | 52.5% | 1.52% |
| 1911 | 16.2% | 52.8% | 1.26% |
| 1912 | 15.2% | 45.2% | 0.69% |
| 1913 | - | 48.8% | 0.69% |
| 1914 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1915 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1916 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1917 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1918 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1919 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1920 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1921 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1922 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1923 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1924 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1925 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1926 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1927 | - | - | 0.69% |
| 1928 | 5.71% | - | -0.4% |
| 1929 | 7.75% | - | -0.4% |
| 1930 | 12.7% | - | -1.62% |
| 1931 | 8.54% | - | -1.12% |
| 1932 | 6.22% | - | 0.06% |
| 1933 | 4.63% | - | 0.58% |
| 1934 | 4.84% | - | 0.25% |
| 1935 | 4.47% | - | 0.07% |
| 1936 | 4.31% | - | 0.1% |
| 1937 | 4.42% | - | 0.12% |
| 1938 | 5.74% | - | 0.16% |
| 1939 | 6.54% | - | 0.12% |
| 1940 | 5.49% | - | 0.15% |
| 1941 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1942 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1943 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1944 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1945 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1946 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1947 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1948 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1949 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1950 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1951 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1952 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1953 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1954 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1955 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1956 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1957 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1958 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1959 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1960 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1961 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1962 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1963 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1964 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1965 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1966 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1967 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1968 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1969 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1970 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1971 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1972 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1973 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1974 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1975 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1976 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1977 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1978 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1979 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1980 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1981 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1982 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1983 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1984 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1985 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1986 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1987 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1988 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1989 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1990 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1991 | - | - | 0.15% |
| 1992 | - | 116% | 0.15% |
| 1993 | - | 92.4% | 0.15% |
| 1994 | - | 63.5% | 0.15% |
| 1995 | - | 53.7% | 0.15% |
| 1996 | - | 51.9% | 0.15% |
| 1997 | - | 51.5% | 0.15% |
| 1998 | 39.7% | 135.2% | -7.42% |
| 1999 | 34.3% | 92.4% | -3.59% |
| 2000 | 30.7% | 55.9% | 3.11% |
| 2001 | 31.5% | 44.4% | 2.99% |
| 2002 | 33.8% | 37.6% | 0.67% |
| 2003 | 32.6% | 28.3% | 1.35% |
| 2004 | 29.6% | 20.8% | 4.57% |
| 2005 | 29.5% | 14.9% | 7.6% |
| 2006 | 29% | 9.8% | 7.8% |
| 2007 | 31.9% | 8.03% | 5.59% |
| 2008 | 32% | 7.45% | 4.55% |
| 2009 | 38.6% | 9.92% | -5.89% |
| 2010 | 35.5% | 10.1% | -3.19% |
| 2011 | 33.3% | 10.3% | 1.43% |
| 2012 | 34% | 11.2% | 0.38% |
| 2013 | 34.7% | 12.3% | -1.16% |
| 2014 | 34.9% | 15.1% | -1.07% |
| 2015 | 35.3% | 15.3% | -3.39% |
| 2016 | 36.6% | 14.8% | -3.67% |
| 2017 | 34.8% | 14.3% | -1.47% |
| 2018 | 32.6% | 13.6% | 2.92% |
| 2019 | 33.8% | 13.7% | 1.93% |
| 2020 | 39.2% | 19.2% | -3.99% |
| 2021 | 34.9% | 16.5% | 0.78% |
| 2022 | 35.4% | 18.5% | -1.56% |
| 2023 | 36.1% | 19.5% | -2.51% |
| 2024 | 38.2% | 20.3% | -2.25% |
| 2025 | 37.6% | 21.4% | -1.01% |
Inflation rate by year
Over the past 20 years, Russia has had an average annual inflation rate of 8%. In 2025, inflation was 9%. The bar chart below shows consumer price inflation by year.
| Year | Inflation |
|---|---|
| 1990 | 0% |
| 1991 | 135.6% |
| 1992 | 1,569% |
| 1993 | 874% |
| 1994 | 308% |
| 1995 | 197.3% |
| 1996 | 47.8% |
| 1997 | 14.8% |
| 1998 | 27.7% |
| 1999 | 85.7% |
| 2000 | 20.8% |
| 2001 | 21.5% |
| 2002 | 15.8% |
| 2003 | 13.7% |
| 2004 | 10.9% |
| 2005 | 12.7% |
| 2006 | 9.7% |
| 2007 | 9% |
| 2008 | 14.1% |
| 2009 | 11.6% |
| 2010 | 6.8% |
| 2011 | 8.4% |
| 2012 | 5.1% |
| 2013 | 6.8% |
| 2014 | 7.8% |
| 2015 | 15.5% |
| 2016 | 7% |
| 2017 | 3.7% |
| 2018 | 2.9% |
| 2019 | 4.5% |
| 2020 | 3.4% |
| 2021 | 6.7% |
| 2022 | 13.7% |
| 2023 | 5.9% |
| 2024 | 8.4% |
| 2025 | 9% |
Balance of trade
|
Russia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
$63.2B
2024 |
9/189 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+2.91%
2024 |
45/189 |
| Goods imports |
$300B
2024 |
20/188 |
| Goods exports |
$433B
2024 |
15/188 |
| Service imports |
$81.5B
2024 |
24/188 |
| Service exports |
$43B
2024 |
34/188 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
17.6%
2024 |
169/180 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
21.9%
2024 |
142/193 |
Russia's top 10 trading partners
Russia's biggest trading partner accounting for 16.5%% of all exports and imports is China, with a trade balance between the two of -$4.71B — Russia exports $71.5B worth of goods and services to China and imports $76.2B.
Below is the list of the top 10 trade partners of Russia.
| Rank | Country | Trade value | Share of total trade | Export to | Import from | Top export to | Top import from |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
China
|
$148B | 16.5% | $71.5B | $76.2B | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 2 |
Germany
|
$65.6B | 7.34% | $33.1B | $32.5B | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 3 |
Netherlands
|
$52.1B | 5.83% | $44.3B | $7.86B | Raw materials & minerals | Business & finance services |
| 4 |
United States
|
$43.3B | 4.85% | $22.2B | $21.1B | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 5 |
Belarus
|
$42.4B | 4.74% | $24.7B | $17.7B | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 6 |
Turkey
|
$38.8B | 4.35% | $27.7B | $11.2B | Raw materials & minerals | Transport & tourism services |
| 7 |
United Kingdom
|
$34.7B | 3.89% | $25.4B | $9.36B | Precious metals & jewellery | Machinery & equipment |
| 8 |
Italy
|
$33.1B | 3.71% | $20B | $13.1B | Miscellaneous | Machinery & equipment |
| 9 |
South Korea
|
$31.3B | 3.5% | $17.5B | $13.8B | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 10 |
Kazakhstan
|
$29.5B | 3.31% | $20.9B | $8.69B | Machinery & equipment | Raw materials & minerals |
Russia's top 10 exports
|
Russia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Raw materials & minerals | $242B | 3/193 |
| Miscellaneous | $73.8B | 3/191 |
| Metals | $50.8B | 6/192 |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $31.6B | 8/190 |
| Machinery & equipment | $24.8B | 37/193 |
| Transport & tourism services | $22.1B | 30/188 |
| Wood & paper products | $16.8B | 6/192 |
| Chemicals & pharma | $15.4B | 31/193 |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $13.1B | 21/192 |
| Raw agricultural goods | $12.1B | 18/193 |
Russia's top 10 imports
|
Russia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Machinery & equipment | $133B | 20/193 |
| Transport & tourism services | $49.4B | 15/188 |
| Chemicals & pharma | $44.7B | 18/193 |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $29.2B | 15/193 |
| Metals | $18.3B | 25/193 |
| Business & finance services | $16B | 29/188 |
| Miscellaneous | $15.2B | 8/193 |
| Raw materials & minerals | $14.5B | 42/193 |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $14.2B | 16/193 |
| Raw agricultural goods | $12.2B | 16/193 |
Economic freedom indices
|
Russia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 51.6 | 150/197 |
| Property rights | 18.6 | 167/182 |
| Government integrity | 23 | 167/182 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 28.4 | 167/182 |
| Tax burden | 87.7 | 48/181 |
| Government spending | 62 | 121/180 |
| Fiscal health | 97.8 | 11/181 |
| Business freedom | 51.3 | 132/182 |
| Labor freedom | 59 | 73/182 |
| Monetary freedom | 62.2 | 151/180 |
| Trade freedom | 69.4 | 101/181 |
| Investment freedom | 30 | 155/181 |
| Financial freedom | 30 | 145/181 |
Russia's economic freedom by year
Russia is ranked 136/180 for economic freedom with a score of 51.6, compared to 132/163 and a score of 51.3 in 2005.
| Year | Index | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | Judicial effectiveness | Tax burden | Government spending | Fiscal health | |
| 1995 | 51.1 | - | 75.5 | 67.1 | - |
| 1996 | 51.6 | - | 75.5 | 66.5 | - |
| 1997 | 48.6 | - | 77.7 | 58.5 | - |
| 1998 | 52.8 | - | 74.2 | 67.3 | - |
| 1999 | 54.5 | - | 74.3 | 65.3 | - |
| 2000 | 51.8 | - | 74.6 | 73 | - |
| 2001 | 49.8 | - | 74.7 | 73 | - |
| 2002 | 48.7 | - | 84.9 | 58.9 | - |
| 2003 | 50.8 | - | 90.6 | 64.5 | - |
| 2004 | 52.8 | - | 91.6 | 65.1 | - |
| 2005 | 51.3 | - | 91.5 | 58.9 | - |
| 2006 | 52.4 | - | 90.8 | 63.5 | - |
| 2007 | 52.2 | - | 79.5 | 69.5 | - |
| 2008 | 49.8 | - | 79.2 | 69.5 | - |
| 2009 | 50.8 | - | 78.9 | 70.6 | - |
| 2010 | 50.3 | - | 82.3 | 66.5 | - |
| 2011 | 50.5 | - | 82.7 | 65.1 | - |
| 2012 | 50.5 | - | 82.5 | 48.6 | - |
| 2013 | 51.1 | - | 86.9 | 54.4 | - |
| 2014 | 51.9 | - | 85.6 | 61.5 | - |
| 2015 | 52.1 | - | 86.1 | 57.8 | - |
| 2016 | 50.6 | - | 82.2 | 56.2 | - |
| 2017 | 57.1 | 44.5 | 81.8 | 61.5 | 93.4 |
| 2018 | 58.2 | 46.9 | 85.8 | 62.5 | 87.7 |
| 2019 | 58.9 | 45.1 | 89.4 | 62.3 | 86.6 |
| 2020 | 61 | 44.4 | 88.5 | 63.8 | 98.7 |
| 2021 | 61.5 | 42.4 | 93 | 66.1 | 99.6 |
| 2022 | 56.1 | 34.7 | 93.1 | 62.6 | 99.3 |
| 2023 | 53.8 | 28 | 88.3 | 60.4 | 99.1 |
| 2024 | 52 | 32.1 | 89.8 | 59.7 | 95.6 |
| 2025 | 51.6 | 28.4 | 87.7 | 62 | 97.8 |
More economic indicators
|
Russia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
57.5%
2024 |
93/191 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
30.7%
2024 |
52/194 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
2.74%
2024 |
133/193 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$2.24T
2024 |
9/194 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$46,780
2024 |
45/191 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$597B
2023 |
6/177 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
$8.09B
2024 |
17/188 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$8.1B
2024 |
186/193 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$13.1M
2024 |
171/187 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
12.1%
2020 |
150/176 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
26.3%
2024 |
58/176 |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
Relevant pages:
Russia topic pages:
Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.